Low teacher motivation and its detrimental effect on student achievement are central problems of many education systems in Africa. Using standardized data for student achievement in Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Cote d'Ivoire, Madagascar and Senegal, this paper analyzes the empirical links between...

Expansion of supermarkets in developing countries is increasingly providing opportunities for farmers to participate in modern supply chains. While some farmers are excluded by stringent supermarket requirements, there are important gains for participating farmers. However, studies analyzing...