In many markets in developing countries, especially in remote areas, middlemen are thought to earn excessive profits. Non-profits come in to counter what is seen as middlemen's market power, and rich country consumers pay a "fair-trade" premium for products marketed by such non-profits. This...

The productivity of individual dairy farms, decomposed into efficiency and technological change components, was measured annually from 1985 through 1993 from distance functions estimated using nonparametric programming methods. Technology is measured regressively only if it is regressive to all...