Federal subsidies for nonprice export promotion of farm products have been criticized on the grounds that they merely substitute taxpayer dollars for private promotional expenditures. This ‘‘displacement hypothesis’’ is tested by estimating export demand and...

Based on farm panel data we empirically investigate the determinants of Polish farm households 'flexibility from 1994 to 2001. We focus on scale flexibility (adjustment in production volume) and scope flexibility (adjustment in product mix). The findings of our fixed-effects regression provide...