simultaneity between police and crime. In Italy police officers can only be hired through lengthy national public contests which …

Estimating the effect of inequality on crime is challenging due to reverse causality and omitted variable bias. This … is found that inequality increases both property crime and violent crime. The estimates are robust to including … traditional determinants of crime (like population density, proportion of young males, average education level, quality of law …

This paper studies the effect of social closure on crime and tax evasion rates using disaggregated data for Italian … lower crime rates and higher tax evasion rates than more open communities. The effect of social closure is likely to be …