During the transition of the Vietnamese economy, adaptation of the financialsystem was one of the most challenging reforms. A major task of this reformwas to expand the financial system?s outreach to the newly emerging privatesector and household economies, especially in rural areas. Therefore,...

Although most of the rice area in Indonesia is still prepared manually, since the early 1980s the government has promoted tractors for land preparation through subsidized loans. This has increased capital investment in agriculture; and for the farmers, the cost of owning and operatingtractor has...

In recent years, governmental and nongovernmental organizations in many low-income countries have introduced credit programs targeted to the poor. Many of these programs specifically target the poor on the premise that they are more likely to be credit constrained and have restricted access to...